Controverse privind încălzirea globală

Controversele privind încălzirea globală se referă la dezbaterile publice asupra faptului dacă încălzirea globală are loc cu adevărat, ce schimbări a provocat în timpurile moderne, ce anume a determinat-o, care sunt efectele sale, ce anume măsuri ar trebui luate pentru a o stopa. În literatura de specialitate, există un consens puternic că temperaturile terestre globale au crescut în ultimele decenii și că tendința este cauzată în primul rând de emisiile antropice de gaze cu efect de seră.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Nicio comunitate științifică națională sau internațională nu contrazice acest punct de vedere,^[6] deși membrii câtorva astfel de organizații au păreri împărțite.^[7] Disputele asupra faptelor științifice esențiale ale încălzirii globale sunt acum mult mai răspândite în mass-media populară decât în do meniul științific al literaturii de specialitate, unde astfel de probleme sunt tratate ca rezolvate, iar aceste dispute apar mai mult în Statele Unite decât la nivel global.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Note modificare

^ Oreskes, Naomi (decembrie 2004). „BEYOND THE IVORY TOWER: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change”. Science. 306 (5702): 1686. doi:10.1126/science.1103618. PMID 15576594. Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change. This is not the case. [...] Politicians, economists, journalists, and others may have the impression of confusion, disagreement, or discord among climate scientists, but that impression is incorrect.
^ America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-14588-0. Accesat în 19 februarie 2014. (p1) ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. * * * (p21-22) Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.
^ „Understanding and Responding to Climate Change” (PDF). United States National Academy of Sciences. 2008. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 23 aprilie 2013. Accesat în 30 mai 2010. Most scientists agree that the warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
^ Lovejoy, Shaun; Chipello, Chris (11 aprilie 2014). „Is global warming just a giant natural fluctuation?”. McGill University. Arhivat din original la 19 aprilie 2014. Accesat în 17 aprilie 2014.
^ Lovejoy, S. (aprilie 2014). „Scaling fluctuation analysis and statistical hypothesis testing of anthropogenic warming”. Climate Dynamics. Accesat în 17 aprilie 2014.
^ Julie Brigham-Grette; et al. (septembrie 2006). „Petroleum Geologists' Award to Novelist Crichton Is Inappropriate”. Eos (PDF)|format= necesită |url= (ajutor). 87 (36). doi:10.1029/2006EO360008/pdf. The AAPG stands alone among scientific societies in its denial of human-induced effects on global warming.
^ DiMento, Joseph F. C.; Doughman, Pamela M. (2007). Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. The MIT Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-262-54193-0.
^ doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001
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^ Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (ed. first). Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4.
^ (engleză) „What Exxon knew about the Earth's melting Arctic”. Los Angeles Times. 9 octombrie 2015. Accesat în 28 decembrie 2015. ^{[nefuncțională]}

Vezi și modificare

Răcire globală

[OreskesBeyondTheIvoryTower-1] Oreskes, Naomi (decembrie 2004). „BEYOND THE IVORY TOWER: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change”. Science. 306 (5702): 1686. doi:10.1126/science.1103618. PMID 15576594. Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change. This is not the case. [...] Politicians, economists, journalists, and others may have the impression of confusion, disagreement, or discord among climate scientists, but that impression is incorrect.

[AmericasClimateChoices-2010-SciPanel-2] America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-14588-0. Accesat în 19 februarie 2014. (p1) ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. * * * (p21-22) Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.

[USNAS-2008-ClimateChoices-3] „Understanding and Responding to Climate Change” (PDF). United States National Academy of Sciences. 2008. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 23 aprilie 2013. Accesat în 30 mai 2010. Most scientists agree that the warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

[MCG-20140411-4] Lovejoy, Shaun; Chipello, Chris (11 aprilie 2014). „Is global warming just a giant natural fluctuation?”. McGill University. Arhivat din original la 19 aprilie 2014. Accesat în 17 aprilie 2014.

[CD-201404-5] Lovejoy, S. (aprilie 2014). „Scaling fluctuation analysis and statistical hypothesis testing of anthropogenic warming”. Climate Dynamics. Accesat în 17 aprilie 2014.

[AQAonAAPG-6] Julie Brigham-Grette; et al. (septembrie 2006). „Petroleum Geologists' Award to Novelist Crichton Is Inappropriate”. Eos (PDF)|format= necesită |url= (ajutor). 87 (36). doi:10.1029/2006EO360008/pdf. The AAPG stands alone among scientific societies in its denial of human-induced effects on global warming.

[The_MIT_Press-7] DiMento, Joseph F. C.; Doughman, Pamela M. (2007). Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. The MIT Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-262-54193-0.

[8] :10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001
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[merchants_doubt-9] Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (ed. first). Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4.

[10] (engleză) „What Exxon knew about the Earth's melting Arctic”. Los Angeles Times. 9 octombrie 2015. Accesat în 28 decembrie 2015. ^{[nefuncțională]}

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