Mătasea broaștei

Spirogyra este un gen de alge verzi pluricelulare formate din celule care alcătuiesc un filament lung și subțire, numit în popor mătasea broaștei. Conține peste 500 de specii global, în Europa mult mai puține.

Spirogyra
Mătasea broaștei
Clasificare științifică
Domeniu:	Eukaryote
(neclasificat):	Archaeplastida
Regn:	Protista
(neclasificat):	Streptophyta
Încrengătură:	Chlorophyta
Clasă:	Zygnematophyceae
Ordin:	Zygnematales
Familie:	Zygnemataceae
Gen:	Spirogyra Link in C. G. Nees (1820)
Sinonime
Conjugata Vaucher (1803) Jugalis Schrank ( 1814)

Caracteristici

Spirogyra măsoară aproximativ 10 până la 100μm lățime și poate crește până la câțiva centimetri lungime. Este foarte frecventă în apa eutrofă relativ clară, dezvoltând mase verzi filamentoase. Primăvara crește sub apă, dar atunci când există suficientă lumină solară și căldură, produce cantități mari de oxigen, aderând ca bule între filamentele încurcate. Masele filamentoase ies la suprafață și devin vizibile ca niște rogojini verzi. Prezintă un perete celular, nucleu, cloroplaste, pirenoide și spirale.

Reproducere

În citoplasma lor exista un cloroplast în formă de panglică spiralată. Vara, înmulțirea se face asexuat, prin diviziune tranversală, datorită căreia filamentul se alungește continuu. Spre toamnă, are loc înmulțirea sexuată. Astfel, două filamente de sex diferit (unul masculin și unul feminin) se apropie și emit un canal prin care conținutul unei celule se unește cu conținutul celeilalte. Rezultă o singură celulă, numită celula ou(zigot), care se desprinde și cade pe fundul apei. Primavara, ea va da naștere unei alge noi.

Galerie de imagini

• 
  O singură celulă
• 
  Spirogyra. Fiecare distanță numerotată are 122 µM
• 
  Spirogyra. Fiecare distanță numerotată are 20 µM
• 
  Vedere la microscop a legăturilor

Specii ale genului

Din cele 508 specii trăiesc doar aproximativ 120 în Europa. Următoarele specii sunt acceptate în prezent:

Spirogyra abbreviata Zheng Spirogyra acanthophora (Skuja) Czurda Spirogyra acumbentis Vodenicarov Spirogyra adjerensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra adnata (Vaucher) Kützing Spirogyra adornata Ling Spirogyra aequinoctialis G.S.West Spirogyra affinis (Hassall) Petit Spirogyra africana (F.E.Fritsch) Czurda Spirogyra ahmedabadensis Kamat Spirogyra alpina Kützing Spirogyra alternata Kützing Spirogyra amplectens Skuja Spirogyra ampliata L.Liu Spirogyra anchora Skuja Spirogyra angolensis Welwitsch Spirogyra angulata Nipkow Spirogyra anomala Bhashyakarla Rao Spirogyra anzygoapora Singh Spirogyra aphanosculpta Skuja Spirogyra aplanospora Randhawa Spirogyra arcta (C.Agardh) Endlichter Spirogyra arcuata Liu Spirogyra areolata Lagerheim Spirogyra arizonensis Rickert & Hoshaw Spirogyra arthuri Woodhead & Tweed Spirogyra articulata Transeau Spirogyra asiatica Czurda Spirogyra atasiana Czurda Spirogyra atrobrunnea Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra aubvillei Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra australica Czurda Spirogyra australiensis K.Möbius Spirogyra austriaca Czurda Spirogyra azygospora Singh Spirogyra baileyi Schmidle Spirogyra batekiana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra bellis (Hassall) P.Crouan & H.Crouan Spirogyra bicalyptrata Czurda Spirogyra bichromatophora (Randhawa) Transeau Spirogyra biformis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra biharensis A.M.Verma & B.Kumari Spirogyra bii Kadlubowska Spirogyra bireticulata Liu Spirogyra borealis Zheng & Ling Spirogyra borgeana Transeau Spirogyra borgei Kadlubowska Spirogyra borkuense Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra borysthenica Kasanowsky & Smirnoff [Smirnov] Spirogyra bourrellyana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra braziliensis (Nordstedt) Transeau Spirogyra britannica Godward Spirogyra brunnea Czurda Spirogyra buchetii Petit Spirogyra bullata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra calcarea Transeau Spirogyra calchaquiesiae B.Tracanna Spirogyra californica Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath Spirogyra calospora Cleve Spirogyra canaliculata Segar Spirogyra cardinia S.H.Lewis Spirogyra caroliniana G.E.Dillard Spirogyra castanacea G.C.Couch Spirogyra cataeniformis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra catenaeformis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra cavata Vodenicarov Spirogyra chakiaensis (Bhashyakarla Rao) Kreiger Spirogyra chandigarhensis Spirogyra chekiangensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra chenii C.-C.Jao Spirogyra chungkingensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra chuniae C.-C.Jao Spirogyra circumlineata Transeau Spirogyra clavata Segar Spirogyra cleveana Transeau Spirogyra colligata Hodgetts Spirogyra columbiana Czurda Spirogyra communis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra condensata (Vaucher) Dumortier Spirogyra congolensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra conspicua Gay Spirogyra convoluta Spirogyra corrugata Woodhead & Tweed Spirogyra costata Kadlubowska Spirogyra costulata Kadlubowska Spirogyra coumbiana Czurda Spirogyra crassa (Kützing) Kützing Spirogyra crassispina C.-C.Jao Spirogyra crassiuscula (Wittrock & Nordstedt) Transeau Spirogyra crassivallicularis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra crassoidea (Transeau) Transeau Spirogyra crenulata Singh Spirogyra croasdaleae Blum Spirogyra cyanosporum Spirogyra cylindrica Czurda Spirogyra cylindrosperma (West & G.S.West) Krieger Spirogyra cylindrospora West & G.S.West Spirogyra czubinskii Kadlubowska Spirogyra czurdae Misra Spirogyra czurdiana Kadlubowska Spirogyra dacimina (O.F.Müller) Kützing Spirogyra daedalea Lagerheim Spirogyra daedaleoides Czurda Spirogyra danica Kadlubowska Spirogyra decimina (O.F.Müller) Dumortier Spirogyra densa Kützing Spirogyra denticulata Transeau Spirogyra dentireticulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra desikacharyensis Rattan Spirogyra dialyderma Ling & Zheng Spirogyra dicephala C.-C.Jao & H.Z.Zhu Spirogyra dictyospora C.-C.Jao Spirogyra diluta H.C.Wood Spirogyra dimorpha Geitler Spirogyra discoidea Transeau Spirogyra distenta Transeau Spirogyra diversizygotica (V.I.Polyanskij) L.A.Rundina Spirogyra djalonensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra djiliense Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra dodgeana Spirogyra drilonensis Petkoff Spirogyra dubia Kützing Spirogyra echinata Tiffany Spirogyra echinospora Blum Spirogyra eillipsospora Transeau Spirogyra elegans Wollny Spirogyra elegantissima Y.J.Ling & Y.M.Zheng

Spirogyra ellipsospora Transeau Spirogyra elliptica C.-C.Jao Spirogyra elongata (H.C.Wood) H.C.Wood Spirogyra elongata (Vaucher) Dumortier Spirogyra emilianensis Bonhomme Spirogyra endogranulata O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra exilis West & G.S.West Spirogyra fallax (Hansgirg) Wille Spirogyra fassula Zheng Spirogyra favosa Y.-X.Wei & Y.-K.Yung Spirogyra fennica Cedercreutz Spirogyra ferruginea H.W.Liang Spirogyra flavescens (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra flavicans Kützing Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse Spirogyra formosa (Transeau) Czurda Spirogyra fossa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra fossulata C.-C.Jao & Hu Spirogyra foveolata (Transeau) Czurda Spirogyra franconica O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra frankliniana Tiffany Spirogyra frigida F.Gay Spirogyra fritschiana Czurda Spirogyra fukienica Wei Spirogyra fuzhouensis H.-J.Hu Spirogyra gallica Petit Spirogyra gaterslebensis Reith Spirogyra gauthier-lievrae Kadlubowska Spirogyra gauthieri Gayral Spirogyra gharbensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra ghosei Singh Spirogyra gibberosa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra glabra Czurda Spirogyra globulispora Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra gobonensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra goetzei Schmidle Spirogyra gracilis Kützing Spirogyra granulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra gratiana Transeau Spirogyra groenlandica Rosenvinge Spirogyra guangchowensis Zhu & Zhong Spirogyra guineense Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra gujaratensis Kamat Spirogyra gurdaspurensis Rattan Spirogyra haimenensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra hartigii (Kützing) De Toni Spirogyra hassalii (Jenner) Petit Spirogyra hassallii (Jenner ex Hassall) P.Crouan & H.Crouan Spirogyra hatillensis Transeau Spirogyra heeriana Nägeli ex Kützing Spirogyra henanensis (L.J.Bi) L.J.Bi Spirogyra herbipolensis O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra heterospora Liu Spirogyra hoehnei O.Borge Spirogyra hoggarica (Gauthier-Lièvre) Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra hollandiae Taft Spirogyra hopeiensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra hunanensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra hungarica Langer Spirogyra hyalina Cleve Spirogyra hymerae Britton & B.H.Smith Spirogyra inconstans Collins Spirogyra incrassata Czurda Spirogyra indica Krieger Spirogyra inflata (Vaucher) Dumortier Spirogyra insignis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra insueta Zhu & Zhong Spirogyra intermedia Rabenhorst Spirogyra intorta C.-C.Jao Spirogyra ionia Wade Spirogyra irregularis Nägeli ex Kützing Spirogyra ivorensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra iyengarii Kadlubowska Spirogyra jaoensis Randhawa Spirogyra jaoi S.H.Ley Spirogyra jassiensis (Teodoresco) Czurda Spirogyra jatobae Transeau Spirogyra jogensis Iyengar Spirogyra jugalis (Dillwyn) Kützing Spirogyra juliana Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath Spirogyra kaffirita Transeau Spirogyra kamatii Kamat Spirogyra karnalae Randhawa Spirogyra kolae Hajdu Spirogyra koreana J.-H.Kim, Y.H.Kim, & I.K.Lee Spirogyra krubergii V.J.Poljanski Spirogyra kundaensis Singh Spirogyra kuusamoensis Hirn Spirogyra labbei Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra labyrinthica Transeau Spirogyra lacustris Czurda Spirogyra lagerheimii Wittrock Spirogyra laka Kützing Spirogyra lallandiae Taft Spirogyra lambertiana Transeau Spirogyra lamellata (Bhashyakarla Rao) Krieger Spirogyra lamellosa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra lapponica Lagerheim Spirogyra latireticulata Zheng & Ling Spirogyra latviensis Czurda Spirogyra laxa Kützing Spirogyra laxistrata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra lenticularis Transeau Spirogyra lentiformis L.J.Bi Spirogyra lians Transeau Spirogyra libyca Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra lismorensis Playfair Spirogyra lodziensis Kadlubowska Spirogyra longifissa Wei Spirogyra lubrica Kützing Spirogyra lucknowensis (Prasad & Dutta) Kadlubowska Spirogyra lushanensis L.C.Li Spirogyra luteospora Czurda Spirogyra lutetiana Petit Spirogyra lymerae Britton & Smith Spirogyra macrospora (C.B.Rao) Krieger Spirogyra maghrebiana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra major Kützing Spirogyra majuscula Kützing Spirogyra malmeana Hirn Spirogyra manormae Randhawa Spirogyra maravillosa Transeau Spirogyra marchica H.Krieger Spirogyra margalefii Aboal & Llimona Spirogyra margaritata Wollny Spirogyra marocana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra maxima (Hassall) Wittrock

Spirogyra megaspora Transeau Spirogyra meinningensis Spirogyra meridionalis W.J.Zhu & Zhong Spirogyra miamiana Taft Spirogyra microdictyon C.-C.Jao & Hu Spirogyra microgranulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra micropunctata Transeau Spirogyra microspora C.-C.Jao Spirogyra mienningensis L.-C.Li Spirogyra minor (Schmidle) Transeau Spirogyra minuticrassoidea Yamagishi Spirogyra minutifossa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra mirabilis (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra miranda Kadlubowska Spirogyra mirifica Zheng & Ling Spirogyra mithalaensis A.M.Verma & B.Kumari Spirogyra moebii Transeau Spirogyra monodiana Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra montserrati Margalef Spirogyra multiconjugata N.C.Ferrer & E.J.Cáceres Spirogyra multiformis Kadlubowska Spirogyra multistrata Zheng & Ling Spirogyra multitrata Zheng & Ling Spirogyra mutabilis C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu Spirogyra narcissiana Transeau Spirogyra natchita Transeau Spirogyra nawaschinii Kasanowsky Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra neorhizobranchialis C.-C.Jao & Zheng Spirogyra nitida (O.F.Müller) Leiblein Spirogyra nodifera O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra notabilis Taft Spirogyra nova-angliae Transeau Spirogyra novae-angliae Transeau Spirogyra nyctigama Taft Spirogyra oblata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra oblonga Liu Spirogyra obovata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra occidentalis (Transeau) Czurda Spirogyra oligocarpa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra olivascens Rabenhorst Spirogyra ollicola C.-C.Jao & Zhong Spirogyra oltmannsii Huber-Pestalozzi Spirogyra orientalis West & G.S.West Spirogyra orthospira Nägeli Spirogyra ouarsenica Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra oudhensis Randhawa Spirogyra ovigera Montagne Spirogyra pachyderma Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra palghatensis Erady Spirogyra paludosa Czurda Spirogyra papulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra paradoxa Bhashyakarla Rao Spirogyra paraguayensis O.Borge Spirogyra parva (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra parvispora H.C.Wood Spirogyra parvula (Transeau) Czurda Spirogyra pascheriana Czurda Spirogyra patliputri A.M.Verma & B.Kumari Spirogyra peipeingensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra pellucida (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra perforans Transeau Spirogyra plena (West & G.S.West) Czurda Spirogyra poljanskii Kadlubowska Spirogyra polymorpha Kirchner Spirogyra polytaeniata Strasburger Spirogyra porangabae Transeau Spirogyra porticalis (O.F.Müller) Dumortier- type Spirogyra pratensis Transeau Spirogyra princeps (Vaucher) Link ex Meyen Spirogyra proavita Langer Spirogyra prolifica Kamat Spirogyra propria Transeau Spirogyra protecta H.C.Wood Spirogyra pseudoaedaloides Kadlubowska Spirogyra pseudobellis W.J.Zhu & Zhong Spirogyra pseudocorrugata Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra pseudocylindrica Prescott Spirogyra pseudogibberosa Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra pseudogranulata S.-H.Ley Spirogyra pseudojuergensii H.Silva Spirogyra pseudomaiuscula Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra pseudomajuscula Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra pseudomaxima Kadlubowska Spirogyra pseudoneglecta Czurda Spirogyra pseudonodifera O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra pseudoplena Liu Spirogyra pseudopulchrata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra pseudoreticulata Kreiger Spirogyra pseudorhizopus L.J.Bi Spirogyra pseudosahnii Kadlubowska Spirogyra pseudospreeiana C.-C.Jao Spirogyra pseudosubreticulata Rickert & Hoshaw Spirogyra pseudotenuissima O.Bock & W.Bock Spirogyra pseudotetrapla Kadlubowska Spirogyra pseudotexensis Bourrelly Spirogyra pseudovarians Czurda Spirogyra pseudovenusta Liu & Wei Spirogyra pseudowoodii V.J.Poljanski Spirogyra pulchella (H.C.Wood) H.C.Wood Spirogyra pulchra Alexenko Spirogyra pulchrifigurata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra puncticulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra punctulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra quadrata (Hassall) P.Petit Spirogyra quadrilaminata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra quezelii Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra quilonensis Kothari Spirogyra quinina Kützing Spirogyra quinquilaminata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra randhawae Krieger Spirogyra rattanii Kadlubowska Spirogyra rectangularis Transeau Spirogyra rectispira Merriman Spirogyra regularis (Cedercreutz) Krieger Spirogyra reinhardii V.Chmielevsky Spirogyra reticulata Nordstedt Spirogyra reticulatum Randhawa Spirogyra reticuliana Randhawa Spirogyra rhizobrachialis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra rhizobranchialis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra rhizoides Randhawa Spirogyra rhizopus C.-C.Jao Spirogyra rhodopea Petkoff Spirogyra rivularis (Hassall) Rabenhorst Spirogyra robusta (Nygaard) Czurda Spirogyra rugosa (Transeau) Czurda

Spirogyra rugulosa Iwanoff Spirogyra rupestris Schmidle Spirogyra sahnii Randhawa Spirogyra salina Aleem Spirogyra sanjingensis Y.Wang & Z.Wang Spirogyra sarmae M.Singh & M.Srivastava Spirogyra schmidtii West & G.S.West Spirogyra schweickerdtii Cholonky Spirogyra scripta Nygaard Spirogyra scrobiculata (Stockmayer) Czurda Spirogyra sculpta Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra semiornata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra senegalensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra setiformis (Roth) Martens ex Meneghini Spirogyra shantungensis L.-C.Li Spirogyra shanxiensis Zheng & Ling Spirogyra shenzaensis Zheng Spirogyra siamensis Transeau Spirogyra siberica Skvortzov Spirogyra silesiaca Kadlubowska Spirogyra sinensis L.-C.Li Spirogyra singularis Nordstedt Spirogyra skujae Randhawa Spirogyra skvortzowii Willi Kreiger Spirogyra smithii Transeau Spirogyra speciosa Liu Spirogyra sphaerica (Misra) Willi Krieger Spirogyra sphaerocarpa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra sphaerospora Hirn Spirogyra spinescens Kirjakov Spirogyra splendida G.S West Spirogyra spreeiana Rabenhorst Spirogyra subaffinis F.E.Fritsch & M.F.Rich Spirogyra subbullata Kadlubowska Spirogyra subcolligata L.J.Bi Spirogyra subcrassa Woronchin Spirogyra subcrassiuscula L.J.Bi Spirogyra subcylindrospora C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subechinata Godward Spirogyra subfossulata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subglabra Zheng & Ling Spirogyra sublambertiana Zhao Spirogyra subluteospora C.-C.Jao & Hu Spirogyra submajuscula Ling & Zheng Spirogyra submargaritata Godward Spirogyra submarina (Collins) Transeau Spirogyra submaxima Transeau Spirogyra subobovata Chian Spirogyra subpapulatata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subpellucida C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subpolytaeniata C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subpratensis Woronichin Spirogyra subreflexa Liang & Wang Spirogyra subreticulata F.E.Fritsch Spirogyra subsalina Cedercreutz Spirogyra subsalsa Kützing Spirogyra subsalso-punctatulata Kadlubowska Spirogyra subtropica Chian Spirogyra suburbana C.-C.Jao Spirogyra subvelata Kreiger Spirogyra sulcata Blum Spirogyra sundanensis Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra superba L.Liu Spirogyra supervarians Transeau Spirogyra szechwanensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra taftiana Transeau Spirogyra taiyuanensis Ling Spirogyra tandae Randhawa Spirogyra taylorii C.-C.Jao Spirogyra tenuior (Transeau) Krieger Spirogyra tenuispina Rundina Spirogyra tenuissima (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra teodoresci Transeau Spirogyra ternata Ripart Spirogyra tetrapla Transeau Spirogyra tibetensis C.-C.Jao Spirogyra tjibodensis Faber Spirogyra tolosana Comère Spirogyra torta Blum Spirogyra trachycarpa Skuja Spirogyra transeauiana C.-C.Jao Spirogyra triplicata (Collins) Transeau Spirogyra trochainii Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra tropica Kützing Spirogyra tsingtaoensis L.-C.Li Spirogyra tuberculata Lagerheim Spirogyra tuberculosa Liang & Wang Spirogyra tucumaniae B.Tracanna Spirogyra tumida C.-C.Jao Spirogyra turfosa F.Gay Spirogyra tuwensis R.J.Patel & C.K.Asok Kumar Spirogyra ugandense Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra unduliseptum Randhawa Spirogyra urbana C.-C.Jao & Zhong Spirogyra van-zantenii Cholonky Spirogyra variabilis C.-C.Jao & Hu Spirogyra varians (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra variaspora Rickert & Hoshaw Spirogyra variformis Transeau Spirogyra varshaii Prasad & Dutta Spirogyra vasishtii Rattan Spirogyra velata Nordstedt Spirogyra venkataramanii Rattan Spirogyra venosa Kadlubowska Spirogyra venusta C.-C.Jao Spirogyra vermiculata C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu Spirogyra verrucogranulata I.C A.Dias & C.E.de M.Bicudo Spirogyra verrucosa (C.B.Rao) Krieger Spirogyra verruculosa C.-C.Jao Spirogyra voltaica Gauthier-Lièvre Spirogyra wangii L.C.Li Spirogyra weberi Kützing Spirogyra weishuiensis Ling & Zheng Spirogyra weletischii West & G.S.West Spirogyra welwitschii West & G.S.West Spirogyra westii Transeau Spirogyra willei Skuja Spirogyra wittrockii Alexenko Spirogyra wollnyi De Toni Spirogyra wrightiana Transeau Spirogyra wuchanensis C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu Spirogyra wuhanensis C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu Spirogyra xiaoganensis Liu Spirogyra xinxiangensis L.J.Bi Spirogyra yexianensis L.J.Bi Spirogyra yuin S.Skinner & Entwisle Spirogyra yunnanensis L.-C.Li C

Bibliografie

• Christian van den Hoek, Hans M. Jahns, David G. Mann: „Algen”, ed a 3-a, Editura Thieme, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-13-551103-0
• Fernand Moreau (ed.), Botanique, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, Editura Gallimard,Paris 1960, p. 160
• John Whitton, B.A. and Brook, A.J. (editori): The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles Editura Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002, ISBN 0-521-77051-3.

Legături externe

• Materiale media legate de Mătasea broaștei la Wikimedia Commons