Muzică minimalistă

Subgenuri
Muzica minimalistă
Origini stilistice	Muzică experimentală Dodecafonism Muzică serială process music
Origini culturale	Statele Unite ale Americii
Instrumente tipice	Pian Orchestră Instrumente de percuție instrumente muzicale electronice echipament electronice de postproducție
Popularitate	Scăzută
Forme derivate	Postminimalism, totalism
Drone music (lista completă)
Modifică text

Muzica minimalistă este un stil de muzică asociat cu activitatea compozitorilor americani La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich și Philip Glass.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Acesta îșî are originea în scena New York Downtown din anii 1960 și a fost inițial văzut ca o formă de muzică experimentală numit Școala Hipnotică din New York,^[5] Principalele caracteristici ale stilului includ armonie consonant, puls constant (dacă nu drone-uri imobili), stagnare sau transformare treptată, și, adesea, reiterarea frazelor muzicale. sau unităților mai mici, cum ar fi figuri motive, și celule. Aceasta poate include caracteristici, cum ar fi procesul de aditivului și a fazei de schimbare, care duce la ceea ce a fost numit muzica fază. Compoziții minim care se bazeaza foarte mult pe tehnici de proces care urmează reguli stricte, de obicei, sunt descrise cu ajutorul muzicii procesul pe termenului.

Cuvântul "minimalism", făcut cunoscut independent unul de altul de către compozitorii Michael Nyman și Tom Johnson, este controversat, dar este des folosit încă de la mijlocul anilor 1970. Aplicarea unui termen din artele vizuale la muzică a fost contestat; totuși, nu numai că muzica de acest fel are aceeași simplicitate și aversiune pentru ornamentări excesive pe care o are și sculptura minimalistă, dar unele dintre primele concerte de muzică minimalistă au avut loc tocmai cu ocazia unor expoziții de arte vizuale minimaliste, de exemplu ale lui Sol LeWitt. Mai mulți compozitori asociați cu muzica minimalistă au criticat termenul, un exemplu notabil fiind Philip Glass.^[6]

O formă mai recentă de muzică minimalistă este techno-ul minimalist, un subgen al muzicii techno. În formele ei cele mai simple, această muzică constă doar dintr-un singur motiv ostinato (deseori numit "loop muzical") cântat cu toba bas bătând pe pulsul de sfert de notă. În alte exemple, structuri ritmice de bază sunt puse unele peste altele creând astfel un acompaniament poliritmic pentru același puls de tobă bas de 4/4. Sherburne (2004) numește această tehnică masificare iar pe prima scheletalism.^[7]

Compozitori minimaliști

Compozitori notabili

Compozitori contemporani

Australia
Belgia
- Wim Mertens
Canada
- Peter Hannan
- Kyle Bobby Dunn
Estonia
- Arvo Pärt
Finlanda
- Petri Kuljuntausta
- Erkki Salmenhaara
Franța
- Yann Tiersen
Germania
Ungaria
Irlanda
- Michael James Regan
Italia
Japonia
Latvia
- Armands Strazds
Olanda
- Simeon ten Holt
Polonia
- Zygmunt Krauze
- Tomasz Sikorski
Rusia
- Vladimir Martynov
- Anton Batagov
Serbia
- Vladimir Tošić
Marea Britanie
Statele Unite

Minimaliști mistici

Vezi și

Referințe

^ Mertens, W. (1983), American Minimal Music, Kahn & Averill, London, (p.11).
^ Michael Nyman, writing in the preface of Mertens' book refers to the style as "so called minimal music" (Mertens 1983, p.8).
^ "The term 'minimal music' is generally used to describe a style of music that developed in America in the late 1960s and 1970s; and that was initially connected with the composers La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass." Sitsky, L. (2002),Music of the twentieth-century avant-garde: a biocritical sourcebook,Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. (p.361)
^ Young, La Monte, "Notes on The Theatre of Eternal Music and The Tortoise, His Dreams and Journeys" (original PDF file), 2000, Mela Foundation, www.melafoundation.org — Historical account and musical essay where Young explains why he considers himself the originator of the style vs. Tony Conrad and John Cale.
^ Kostelanetz and Flemming 1997, 114–16.
^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20070331124515/http://www.philipglass.com/html/recordings/music-in-12-parts.html „PhilipGlass.com � Music in Twelve Parts”]. Arhivat din original la 31 martie 2007. Accesat în 22 octombrie 2012. replacement character în |titlu= la poziția 17 (ajutor)
^ Cox C. & Warner D. ed.(2004), Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music, Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd, London.

Surse

Bernard, Jonathan W. 1993. "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music". Perspectives of New Music 31, no. 1 (Winter): 86–132.
Bernard, Jonathan W. 2003. "Minimalism, Postminimalism, and the Resurgence of Tonality in Recent American Music". American Music21, no. 1 (Spring): 112–33.
Cope, David. 1997. Techniques of the Contemporary Composer. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8.
Fink, Robert. 2005. Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music as Cultural Practice. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24036-7 (cloth). ISBN 0-520-24550-4 (pbk).
Gann, Kyle. 1997. American Music in the Twentieth Century. Schirmer. ISBN 0-02-864655-X.
Gann, Kyle. 1987. "Let X = X: Minimalism vs. Serialism." Village Voice (24 February): 76.
Gann, Kyle. 2001. "Minimal Music, Maximal Impact: Minimalism's Immediate Legacy: Postminimalism". New Music Box: The Web Magazine from the American Music Center (November 1) (Accessed 4 February 2012).
Gann, Kyle. 2006. Music Downtown: Writings from the Village Voice. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22982-7.
Garland, Peter, and La Monte Young. 2001. "Jennings, Terry". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
Gotte, Ulli. 2000. Minimal Music: Geschichte, Asthetik, Umfeld. Taschenbucher zur Musikwissenschaft, 138. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel.ISBN 3-7959-0777-2.
Johnson, Timothy A. 1994. "Minimalism: Aesthetic, Style, or Technique? " Musical Quarterly 78, no. 4 (Winter): 742–73.
Johnson, Tom. 1989. The Voice of New Music: New York City 1972-1982 – A Collection of Articles Originally Published by theVillage Voice. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Het Apollohuis. ISBN 90-71638-09-X.
Kostelanetz, Richard, and R. Flemming. 1997. Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books.
Linke, Ulrich. 1997. Minimal Music: Dimensionen eines Begriffs. Folkwang-Texte Bd. 13. Essen: Die blaue Eule. ISBN 3-89206-811-9.
Lovisa, Fabian R. 1996. Minimal-music: Entwicklung, Komponisten, Werke. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
MacDonald, Ian. 2003. "The People's Music". London: Pimlico Publishing. ISBN 1-84413-093-2.
Mertens, Wim. 1983. American Minimal Music: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass. Translated by J. Hautekiet; preface by Michael Nyman. London: Kahn & Averill; New York: Alexander Broude. ISBN 0-900707-76-3
Meyer, Leonard B. 1994. Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture, second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-52143-5
Nyman, Michael. 1968. "Minimal Music". The Spectator 221, no. 7320 (11 October): 518–19.
Nyman, Michael. 1974. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond. London: Studio Vista ISBN 0-289-70182-1; reprinted 1999,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65383-5.
Perlein, Gilbert, and Bruno Corà (eds). 2000. Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial! Catalog of an exhibition held at the Musée d'art moderne et d'art contemporain, Nice, April 28 – 4 septembrie 2000, and the Museo Pecci, Prato, 23 septembrie 2000 – 10 ianuarie 2001. New York: Delano Greenidge Editions, 2000, ISBN 978-0-929445-08-3.
Potter, Keith. 2000. Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass. Music in the Twentieth Century series. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48250-X.
Potter, Keith. 2001. "Minimalism". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
Rose, Barbara. 1965. "ABC Art". Art in America 53, no. 5 (October–November): 57–69.
Schönberger, Elmer. 2001. "Andriessen: (4) Louis Andriessen". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
Schwarz, K. Robert. 1996. Minimalists. 20th Century Composers Series. London: Phaidon. ISBN 0-7148-3381-9.
Strickland, Edward. 1993. Minimalism: Origins. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-35499-4 (cloth); ISBN 0-253-21388-6(pbk, corrected and somewhat revised printing, 2000). Chapter T, pp. 241–56, reprinted as Strickland 1997.
Strickland, Edward. 1997. "Minimalism: T (1992)". In Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism, edited by Richard Kostelanetz and Robert Flemming, 113–130. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-520-21491-9. Reprint of a chapter from Strickland 1993.
Sweeney-Turner, Steve. 1995. "Weariness and Slackening in the Miserably Proliferating Field of Posts." Musical Times 136, no. 1833 (November): 599–601.
Warburton, Dan. 1988. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music." Intégral 2: 135–59.

Legături externe

Art of the States: minimalist lucrări minimaliste ale compozitorilor Americani, incluzînd sample-uri audio.
Art and Music Since 1945: Introduction to Minimal Music Arhivat în 11 februarie 2006, la Wayback Machine., din Ohio State University, Departmentul Art Education.
Minimal Music, Maximal Impact Arhivat în 4 august 2011, la Wayback Machine., de Kyle Gann, cu o listă mai cuprinzătoare a artiștilor minimaliști timpurii.

Format:Structuralism

[Mertens-1] Mertens, W. (1983), American Minimal Music, Kahn & Averill, London, (p.11).

[2] Michael Nyman, writing in the preface of Mertens' book refers to the style as "so called minimal music" (Mertens 1983, p.8).

[3] "The term 'minimal music' is generally used to describe a style of music that developed in America in the late 1960s and 1970s; and that was initially connected with the composers La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass." Sitsky, L. (2002),Music of the twentieth-century avant-garde: a biocritical sourcebook,Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. (p.361)

[young2000-4] Young, La Monte, "Notes on The Theatre of Eternal Music and The Tortoise, His Dreams and Journeys" (original PDF file), 2000, Mela Foundation, www.melafoundation.org — Historical account and musical essay where Young explains why he considers himself the originator of the style vs. Tony Conrad and John Cale.

[5] Kostelanetz and Flemming 1997, 114–16.

[6] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070331124515/http://www.philipglass.com/html/recordings/music-in-12-parts.html „PhilipGlass.com � Music in Twelve Parts”]. Arhivat din original la 31 martie 2007. Accesat în 22 octombrie 2012. replacement character în |titlu= la poziția 17 (ajutor)

[cox-7] Cox C. & Warner D. ed.(2004), Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music, Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd, London.

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