Vitalism

Vitalismul este o teorie științifică depășită, infirmată,^[1] care explică procesele vitale prin prezența în organismele vii a unei așa-zise „forțe vitale”.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Vitalismul ca și convingere metodologică în chimie era susținut de Berzelius în legătură cu posibilitatea de sinteză a substanțelor zise organice în afara organismelor vii. Invalidarea acestei ipoteze a fost realizată în 1828 de către Friedrich Wöhler, care a sintetizat ureea fără să folosească materiale biologice.^[5]

Susținerea vitalismului era că pentru sinteza substanțelor organice din substanțe anorganice este necesar un aport de „energie vitală”, pe care ar fi deținut-o doar organismele vii.^[4] Dovedirea falsității acestei susțineri a permis abordarea chimiei organice în mod similar cu studiul substanțelor minerale, zise anorganice.

În 1967, Francis Crick, co-descoperitor al structurii ADN-ului, a afirmat „Către cei care sunt vitaliști, voi face această profeție: ceea ce toată lumea credea ieri, iar voi credeți azi, mâine doar țicniții o vor mai crede.”^[6]

Referințe

^ Williams, Elizabeth Ann (2003). A Cultural History of Medical Vitalism in Enlightenment Montpellier. Ashgate. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7546-0881-3. A general history of the sciences initiated by Georges Cuvier, for example, lauded the Montpellier vitalists for their role in demolishing "crude mechanist explanations" of body function and thus opening the way to a refurbished mechanism, built on late-Enlightenment advances in the physical sciences, that eventually vanquished vitalism and cleared the high road to the modern life sciences.¹⁷
^ „Vitalism” la DEX online; accesat pe 26 februarie 2017
^ Mayr, Ernst (1988). Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Harvard University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-674-89666-6. Vitalism has become so disreputable a belief in the last fifty years that no biologist alive today would want to be classified as a vitalist. Still, the remnants of vitalist thinking can be found in the work of Alistair Hardy, Sewall Wright, and Charles Birch, who seem to believe in some sort of nonmaterial principle in organisms.
^ ^a ^b Kricheldorf, Hans R. (31 mai 2016). Getting It Right in Science and Medicine: Can Science Progress through Errors? Fallacies and Facts. Springer International Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-319-30388-8.
^ Leicester, Henry Marshall; Klickstein, Herbert S. (1963). A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900. Harvard University Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-674-82230-6.
^ Crick, Francis (1967) Of Molecules and Men; Great Minds Series Prometheus Books 2004, reviewed here. Crick's remark is cited and discussed in: Hein H (2004) Molecular biology vs. organicism: The enduring dispute between mechanism and vitalism. Synthese 20:238–253, who describes Crick's remark as "raising spectral red herrings".

Acest articol din domeniul chimiei este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea lui.

[Williams2003-1] Williams, Elizabeth Ann (2003). A Cultural History of Medical Vitalism in Enlightenment Montpellier. Ashgate. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7546-0881-3. A general history of the sciences initiated by Georges Cuvier, for example, lauded the Montpellier vitalists for their role in demolishing "crude mechanist explanations" of body function and thus opening the way to a refurbished mechanism, built on late-Enlightenment advances in the physical sciences, that eventually vanquished vitalism and cleared the high road to the modern life sciences.¹⁷

[2] „Vitalism” la DEX online; accesat pe 26 februarie 2017

[Mayr1988-3] Mayr, Ernst (1988). Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Harvard University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-674-89666-6. Vitalism has become so disreputable a belief in the last fifty years that no biologist alive today would want to be classified as a vitalist. Still, the remnants of vitalist thinking can be found in the work of Alistair Hardy, Sewall Wright, and Charles Birch, who seem to believe in some sort of nonmaterial principle in organisms.

[Kricheldorf2016-4] Kricheldorf, Hans R. (31 mai 2016). Getting It Right in Science and Medicine: Can Science Progress through Errors? Fallacies and Facts. Springer International Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-319-30388-8.

[LeicesterKlickstein1963-5] Leicester, Henry Marshall; Klickstein, Herbert S. (1963). A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900. Harvard University Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-674-82230-6.

[Crick-6] Crick, Francis (1967) Of Molecules and Men; Great Minds Series Prometheus Books 2004, reviewed here. Crick's remark is cited and discussed in: Hein H (2004) Molecular biology vs. organicism: The enduring dispute between mechanism and vitalism. Synthese 20:238–253, who describes Crick's remark as "raising spectral red herrings".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]