Istoria Cubei

Istoria Cubei este caracterizată de dependența față de puterile străine — Spania, SUA și URSS. Pe insula Cuba au existat mai multe culturi amerindiene înainte de sosirea exploratorului genovez Cristofor Columb în 1492. După sosirea expediției spaniole conduse de Columb, Spania a cucerit Cuba și a numit guvernatori spanioli care să conducă Havana. Administratorii au fost vasalii Viceregatului Noii Spanii și autorităților locale din Hispaniola. În 1762-63, Havana a fost pentru scurt timp ocupată de Marea Britanie, înainte de a se întoarce sub controlul Spaniei în schimbul Floridei. O serie de rebeliuni în timpul secolului 19, au eșuat în a sfârșii conducerea spaniolă și care a costat viața a sute de mii de cubanezi. În orice caz, Războiul Hispano-American a rezultat în retragerea Spaniei de pe insulă în 1898, și a urmat mai bine de trei ani de conducere militară americană. Cuba a căpătat oficial indepedența în 1902.^[1]

În anii ce au urmat independenței, Republica Cubaneză a văzut o semnificativă dezvoltare economică, dar de asemenea corupția politică și o succesiune de lideri despotici, culminând cu răsturnarea dictatorului Fulgencio Batista de către Mișcarea de la 26 Iulie, condusă de Fidel Castro, Che Guevara și Raúl Castro, între 1953-1959 a Revoluției Cubaneze.^[2] Noul guvern s-a aliat cu Uniunea Sovietică și a îmbrățișat comunismul. Cantități masive de feronerie militară sovietică avansată, inclusiv baterii de rachete sol-aer, veneau către insulă iar în octombrie 1962, a avut loc Criza Rachetelor din Cuba. Cuba a fost oficial un stat ateist din 1962 până în 1992. După Invazia Cehoslovaciei a Țărilor Pactului de la Varșovia (1968), Fidel Castro a făcut o declarație publică a sprijinului Cubei. Discursul lui Castro a marcat startul absorbției totale a Cubei în Blocul Răsăritean.^[3] Până la mijlocul anilor 70, puțin a mai rămâne din sistemul politic sau economic al Cubei. În timpul Războiului Rece,Cuba a sprijinit de asemenea politicile Uniunii Sovieitce în Afganistan, Polonia, Angola, Etiopia, Nicaragua și El Salvador. Intervenția Sovietico-Cubaneză în Angola a contribuit la căderea regimului apartheid din Africa de Sud.^[4]

Economia extrem de slabă a Cubei a fost susținută exclusiv de subvențiile sovietice. Odată cu Dizolvarea URSS-ului în 1991, subvențiile au dispărut iar Cuba a plonjat într-o severă criză economică cunoscută ca Perioada Specială care s-a terminat la finalul lui 2000 când Venezuela a început să-i furnizeze Cubei subvenții prin petrol. În 2019, Miguel Diaz-Canel a fost ales ca președinte al Cubei de către Adunarea Națională. Țara a fost politic și economic izolată de către Statele Unite după Revoluție, dar gradual, a primit acces la comerțul exterior și călătoriile într-un efort de a normaliza relațiile diplomatice care au progresat. ^[5]

Reformele asupra economiei domestice au început să modernizeze economia socialistă din Cuba.^[6]

Note

^ The history of Cuba is characterized by dependence on outside powers—Spain, the US, and the USSR. The island of Cuba was inhabited by various Amerindian cultures prior to the arrival of the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492. After his arrival on a Spanish expedition, Spain conquered Cuba and appointed Spanish governors to rule in Havana. The administrators in Cuba were subject to the Viceroy of New Spain and the local authorities in Hispaniola. In 1762–63, Havana was briefly occupied by Great Britain, before being returned to Spain in exchange for Florida. A series of rebellions during the 19th century failed to end Spanish rule and claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of Cubans. However, the Spanish–American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba gained formal independence in 1902
^ In the years following its independence, the Cuban republic saw significant economic development, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders, culminating in the overthrow of the dictator Fulgencio Batista by the 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Raúl Castro, during the 1953–59 Cuban Revolution.
^ The new government aligned with the Soviet Union and embraced communism. Massive quantities of advanced Soviet military hardware, including batteries of surface-to-air missiles, flowed to the island, and in October 1962 the Cuban Missile Crisis occurred. Cuba was officially atheist from 1962 until 1992. Following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), Fidel Castro publicly declared Cuba's support. Castro's speech marked the start of Cuba's complete absorption into the Eastern Bloc.
^ By the mid-1970s, little would remain of Cuba's political or economic system. During the Cold War, Cuba also supported Soviet policy in Afghanistan, Poland, Angola, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. The Soviet-Cuban intervention in Angola contributed to the downfall of the apartheid regime in South Africa
^ The extraordinarily weak Cuban economy was solely supported by Soviet subsidies. With the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 the subsidies disappeared and Cuba was plunged into a severe economic crisis known as the Special Period that ended in 2000 when Venezuela began providing Cuba with subsidized oil. In 2019, Miguel Diaz-Canel was elected President of Cuba by the national assembly. The country has been politically and economically isolated by the United States since the Revolution, but has gradually gained access to foreign commerce and travel as efforts to normalise diplomatic relations have progressed.
^ Domestic economic reforms are also beginning to modernize Cuba's socialist economy.

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[1] The history of Cuba is characterized by dependence on outside powers—Spain, the US, and the USSR. The island of Cuba was inhabited by various Amerindian cultures prior to the arrival of the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492. After his arrival on a Spanish expedition, Spain conquered Cuba and appointed Spanish governors to rule in Havana. The administrators in Cuba were subject to the Viceroy of New Spain and the local authorities in Hispaniola. In 1762–63, Havana was briefly occupied by Great Britain, before being returned to Spain in exchange for Florida. A series of rebellions during the 19th century failed to end Spanish rule and claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of Cubans. However, the Spanish–American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba gained formal independence in 1902

[2] In the years following its independence, the Cuban republic saw significant economic development, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders, culminating in the overthrow of the dictator Fulgencio Batista by the 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Raúl Castro, during the 1953–59 Cuban Revolution.

[3] The new government aligned with the Soviet Union and embraced communism. Massive quantities of advanced Soviet military hardware, including batteries of surface-to-air missiles, flowed to the island, and in October 1962 the Cuban Missile Crisis occurred. Cuba was officially atheist from 1962 until 1992. Following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), Fidel Castro publicly declared Cuba's support. Castro's speech marked the start of Cuba's complete absorption into the Eastern Bloc.

[4] By the mid-1970s, little would remain of Cuba's political or economic system. During the Cold War, Cuba also supported Soviet policy in Afghanistan, Poland, Angola, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. The Soviet-Cuban intervention in Angola contributed to the downfall of the apartheid regime in South Africa

[5] The extraordinarily weak Cuban economy was solely supported by Soviet subsidies. With the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 the subsidies disappeared and Cuba was plunged into a severe economic crisis known as the Special Period that ended in 2000 when Venezuela began providing Cuba with subsidized oil. In 2019, Miguel Diaz-Canel was elected President of Cuba by the national assembly. The country has been politically and economically isolated by the United States since the Revolution, but has gradually gained access to foreign commerce and travel as efforts to normalise diplomatic relations have progressed.

[6] Domestic economic reforms are also beginning to modernize Cuba's socialist economy.

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