Johann Erich Thunmann

Date personale
Johann Erich Thunmann
Născut	23 august 1746^[1]
Decedat	17 decembrie 1778 (32 de ani)^[1]
Ocupație	istoric teolog[] cadru didactic universitar[] romanist scriitor
Limbi vorbite	limba germană
Activitate
Alte nume	Johannes Erich Thunmann
Alma mater	Universitatea din Halle-Wittenberg
Organizație	Universitatea din Halle-Wittenberg
Modifică date / text

Johann Erich Thunmann, menționat uneori cu prenumele Johannes sau Hans,^[2] (n. 23 august 1746 – d. 17 decembrie 1778) a fost un lingvist, istoric și teolog suedez.

Biografie

S-a născut în parohia Thoresund^⁠(d) din provincia Södermanland a Suediei. A studiat în orașul Strängnäs și la Universitatea din Uppsala, apoi a părăsit Suedia pentru a studia la Universitatea din Greifswald.^[3] A lucrat apoi ca profesor de filozofie la Universitatea din Halle.^[4]

Teoriile sale despre „est-europeni”

Thunmann a realizat un studiu amplu asupra popoarelor din Europa de Est.^[5] El a fost primul autor care a folosit termenul „est-europeni” în titlul cărții Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europäischen Völker, care a fost publicată în 1774.^[6] Cartea lui Thunmann a servit ca agendă liberală pentru națiunile fără state naționale.^[7] Thunmann a lansat o serie de teorii despre unele popoare balcanice: a negat caracterul complet slav al bulgarilor, crezând că bulgarii nu sunt slavi sau cel puțin nu „slavi puri”,^[8] și i-a definit pe vlahi ca descendenți ai triburilor antice tracice și dacice sau ai poporului get.^[9] În 1825, pe baza lucrărilor lui Thunmann, istoricul rus Mihail Pogodin^⁠(d) a scris lucrarea de disertație „Despre originea Rusiei”, în care a susținut teoria normanistă^⁠(d) a originii rușilor și a negat proveniența lor din populația autohtonă slavă a Rusiei Kievene.^[10]

Albanezi

Thunmann a fost unul dintre primii și cei mai importanți istorici care au scris despre limba și originea albanezilor.^[11] Primele încercări serioase de a prezenta o explicație științifică a originii albanezilor^⁠(d) au început cu Thunmann.^[12] El credea că istoria și limba albanezilor, în afară de cele ale aromânilor, sunt cele mai puțin cunoscute istorii și limbi ale unui popor european în Europa de Vest.^[13]

Thunmann a fost primul savant care a răspândit teoria că albanezii sunt un popor indigen^[14] care avea o posibilă origine ilirică.^[15]^[16] A cercetat, de asemenea, originea termenului „Skipatar”, termenul pe care albanezii îl folosesc ca nume etnic propriu.^[17] El a republicat în 1774 un dicționar în trei limbi (albaneză, greacă și aromână) realizat de Teodor Cavalioti și publicat pentru prima dată în 1770, iar mai târziu a adăugat o traducere în limba latină a cuvintelor.^[18] Thunmann credea în unitatea iliro-tracă.^[19]

Lucrări publicate

Lucrările cele mai cunoscute ale lui Thunmann sunt:

Ab Augustissimo Prussorum Rege Friderico II, et maximo domino suo clementissimo, iniunctum professoris eloquentiae et philosophiae in Academia Fridericiana munus aditurus quaedam de confiniis historicae et poeticae orationis disputauit simul vero scholarum suarum rationem. Ex officina Hendeliana. 1772.
De confiniis historicae et poeticae orationis disputavit simul vero scholarum suarum rationem exposuit. 1772.
Untersuchungen über die alte Geschichte einiger Nordischen Völker. Mit einer Vorrede herausgegeben von D. Anton Friedrich Bösching. Im Verlag Der Buchhdlg. D. Realschule. 1772.
Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen Europäischen Völker. Leipzig. 1774.
Über die Geschichte und Sprache der Albaner und der Wlachen. Hamburg: Buske. 1976. ISBN 978-3-87118-217-4. – reeditare

Note

^ ^a ^b Hans Erik Thunmann, accesat în 9 octombrie 2017
^ Myftiu, Genc (2000). Albania, a patrimony of European values: a short encyclopedia of Albanian history and cultural heritage. SEDA.
^ Elsie, Robert (24 decembrie 2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. p. 442. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3. Thunmann, Johann (23.08.1746–17.12.1778) Swedish historian and theologian. Hans Erich Johann Thunmann was born in Thoresund (Södermanland) in Sweden. He studied at Stregnas and Uppsala (Sweden) and then at Greifswald
^ Kollár, Ján (2008). Reciprocity between the various tribes and dialects of the Slavic nation. Slavica. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-89357-343-0. Johann Thunmann, professor of philosophy in Halle
^ Prichard, James Cowles (1841). Ethnography of Europe (ed. 3rd). Houlston & Stoneman. p. 476.
^ Bracewell, Wendy; Drace-Francis, Alex (2008). Under Eastern Eyes: A Comparative Introduction to East European Travel Writing on Europe. Central European University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-963-9776-11-1. The first usage of the term in a book title appears to be by the Swedish linguist Johann Erich Thunmann, in his Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europäischen Volker [Researches on the history of the east European peoples]
^ Drace-Francis, Alex (7 iunie 2013). The Traditions of Invention: Romanian Ethnic and Social Stereotypes in Historical Context. BRILL. p. 84. ISBN 978-90-04-25263-9.
^ Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL. 13 iunie 2013. p. 548. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5.
^ Prichard, James Cowles (1841). Ethnography of Europe. 3d ed. 1841. Houlston & Stoneman. p. 476.
^ Steiner, Lina (19 noiembrie 2011). For Humanity's Sake: The Bildungsroman in Russian Culture. University of Toronto Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4426-9609-9. His thesis was based on the prodigious study of secondary sources by the German philologists Johann Thunmann, J.G. Stritter, V.F. Miller, and others, as well as on Karamzin's analyses of Russian chronicles.
^ Mishkova, Diana (2009). We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe. Central European University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-963-9776-28-9. Among the most important Western authors that wrote on the Albanians' origin and language were: Make Brun (1775–1826); Johann Thunmann; F.C.H.L. Pouqueville, French consul to Janina; Johann Georg von ...
^ Landfester, Manfred; Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (2006). Brill's New Pauly: A-Del. Brill. p. xcii. ISBN 978-90-04-14221-3. The serious attempt at a scholarly explanation for the origin of the Albanians started with Thunmann
^ Fishman, Joshua A. (2006). Overcoming Minority Language Policy Failure: The Case for Bulgaria and the Balkans. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 116. In 1774 Johann Thunmann wrote: None of the peoples of Europe is as little known, in terms of their history and modern language, in the West European countries as the Armanians and the Albanians.
^ Elsie, Robert (19 martie 2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3. Johann Erich Thunmann (1746—1778) of the University of Halle first disseminated the theory of the autochthony of the Albanians
^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2002). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Indiana University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-253-34189-2. Although the first major exposition of the Illyrian theory, published by the German scholar Johann Thunmann in 1774...
^ Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: history and culture. Noyes Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8155-5052-5. The first one who clearly formulated the thesis of the Illyrian origin of the Albanians, was the German historian Johannes Thunmann in the eighteenth century.
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (2010). Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925-1992) gewidmet. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 534. ISBN 978-3-447-06221-3.
^ Elsie, Robert (19 martie 2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3. This lexicon was republished by the German scholar Johann Thunmann from Halle with a Latin translation in 1774
^ The Journal of Indo-European Studies. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1987. p. 239. Johannes Erik Thunmann, who wrote in 1774 in favor of an Illyro— Thracian unity.

Legături externe

Über die Geschichte und Sprache der Albaner und der Wlachen (Despre istoria și limba albanezilor și vlahilor), Leipzig 1774, traducere în engleză publicată pe site-ul lui Robert Elsie^⁠(d)

[b38651b72240a2d12ddc5117955740c0-1] Hans Erik Thunmann, accesat în 9 octombrie 2017

[Myftiu2000-2] Myftiu, Genc (2000). Albania, a patrimony of European values: a short encyclopedia of Albanian history and cultural heritage. SEDA.

[3] Elsie, Robert (24 decembrie 2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. p. 442. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3. Thunmann, Johann (23.08.1746–17.12.1778) Swedish historian and theologian. Hans Erich Johann Thunmann was born in Thoresund (Södermanland) in Sweden. He studied at Stregnas and Uppsala (Sweden) and then at Greifswald

[Kollár2008-4] Kollár, Ján (2008). Reciprocity between the various tribes and dialects of the Slavic nation. Slavica. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-89357-343-0. Johann Thunmann, professor of philosophy in Halle

[5] Prichard, James Cowles (1841). Ethnography of Europe (ed. 3rd). Houlston & Stoneman. p. 476.

[BracewellDrace-Francis2008-6] Bracewell, Wendy; Drace-Francis, Alex (2008). Under Eastern Eyes: A Comparative Introduction to East European Travel Writing on Europe. Central European University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-963-9776-11-1. The first usage of the term in a book title appears to be by the Swedish linguist Johann Erich Thunmann, in his Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europäischen Volker [Researches on the history of the east European peoples]

[Drace-Francis2013-7] Drace-Francis, Alex (7 iunie 2013). The Traditions of Invention: Romanian Ethnic and Social Stereotypes in Historical Context. BRILL. p. 84. ISBN 978-90-04-25263-9.

[8] Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL. 13 iunie 2013. p. 548. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5.

[Prichard1841-9] Prichard, James Cowles (1841). Ethnography of Europe. 3d ed. 1841. Houlston & Stoneman. p. 476.

[Steiner2011-10] Steiner, Lina (19 noiembrie 2011). For Humanity's Sake: The Bildungsroman in Russian Culture. University of Toronto Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4426-9609-9. His thesis was based on the prodigious study of secondary sources by the German philologists Johann Thunmann, J.G. Stritter, V.F. Miller, and others, as well as on Karamzin's analyses of Russian chronicles.

[Mishkova2009-11] Mishkova, Diana (2009). We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe. Central European University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-963-9776-28-9. Among the most important Western authors that wrote on the Albanians' origin and language were: Make Brun (1775–1826); Johann Thunmann; F.C.H.L. Pouqueville, French consul to Janina; Johann Georg von ...

[LandfesterCancik2006-12] Landfester, Manfred; Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (2006). Brill's New Pauly: A-Del. Brill. p. xcii. ISBN 978-90-04-14221-3. The serious attempt at a scholarly explanation for the origin of the Albanians started with Thunmann

[Fishman2006-13] Fishman, Joshua A. (2006). Overcoming Minority Language Policy Failure: The Case for Bulgaria and the Balkans. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 116. In 1774 Johann Thunmann wrote: None of the peoples of Europe is as little known, in terms of their history and modern language, in the West European countries as the Armanians and the Albanians.

[14] Elsie, Robert (19 martie 2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3. Johann Erich Thunmann (1746—1778) of the University of Halle first disseminated the theory of the autochthony of the Albanians

[Schwandner-SieversFischer2002-15] Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2002). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Indiana University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-253-34189-2. Although the first major exposition of the Illyrian theory, published by the German scholar Johann Thunmann in 1774...

[Stipčević1977-16] Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: history and culture. Noyes Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8155-5052-5. The first one who clearly formulated the thesis of the Illyrian origin of the Albanians, was the German historian Johannes Thunmann in the eighteenth century.

[Demiraj2010-17] Demiraj, Bardhyl (2010). Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925-1992) gewidmet. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 534. ISBN 978-3-447-06221-3.

[18] Elsie, Robert (19 martie 2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3. This lexicon was republished by the German scholar Johann Thunmann from Halle with a Latin translation in 1774

[19] The Journal of Indo-European Studies. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1987. p. 239. Johannes Erik Thunmann, who wrote in 1774 in favor of an Illyro— Thracian unity.

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