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Poziţia misionarului pictată de Édouard-Henri Avril
o pereche de lei care se împerechează în Maasai Mara, Kenya

Actul sexual, cunoscut de asemenea ca și copulație, se referă de obicei la momentul când organul reproducător masculin intră în organul reproducător feminin.[1][2] Cele două entități pot fi de sex diferit sau același sex, sau pot fi hermafroditice, cum este cazul melcului. În ultimii ani, penetrarea organelor non-sexuale (sexul oral, sexul anal) sau de către organe non sexuale (penetrarea cu degetele sau cu pumnul) au fost de asemenea incluse în definiție.[2] Tradițional, actul sexual a fost văzut ca punctul culminant al tuturor relațiilor sexuale dintre bărbat și femeie.[2]

Sexul nepenetrativ (sexul oral poate sau poate să nu fie penetrativ) și masturbarea mutuală mai sunt numite și "outercourse"(opusul cuvântului din eng. "intercourse").[3][4][5][6] Cuvântul sex, în contextul intimității sexuale, este de multe ori, dacă nu universal, înțeles ca incluzând orice stimulare genitală mutuală.[7]

Împerecherea este termenul cel mai des folosit pentru a descrie actul sexual dintre animale (altele de cât oamenii); pentru cele mai multe, împerecherea are loc în timpul ciclului de călduri (cea mai fertilă perioadă a femelei),[8][9] ceea ce crește șansele de împregnare. În ciuda acestui fapt, bonobonii[10] delfinii,[11] și cimpanzeii se împerechează cu femela chiar și atunci când nu este în călduri sau practică acte sexuale cu parteneri de același sex.[12] De cele mai multe ori, oamenii fac sex din plăcere. [13] Acest comportament în animalele menționate mai sus este probabil tot pentru plăcere,[14] ceea ce întărește legăturiile sociale.

Religiile abrahamice considerăactul sexual dintre soț și soție ca o acțiune spirituală, în timp ce sexul înafara căsătoriei este văzut ca fiind imoral. Învățăturile Hinduismului și Budismului despre sexualitate au interpretări diferite. Sfatul budismului de a "te abține de la exagerări sexuale" nu este prea bine definit. Filozofia creștină modernă consideră sexul în cadrul mariajului ca cea mai bună imagine a lui Dumnezeu care este iubirea, ei văzând corpul uman ca singurul capabil de a face spiritul și divinul vizibil.[15][16]

La animale

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Pescăruşi împerechindu-se

Many animals which live in the water use external fertilization, whereas internal fertilization may have developed from a need to maintain gametes in a liquid medium in the Late Ordovician epoch. Internal fertilization with many vertebrates (such as reptiles, some fish, and most birds) occur via cloacal copulation (see also hemipenis), while mammals copulate vaginally, and many basal vertebrates reproduce sexually with external fertilization.

However, some terrestrial arthropods do use external fertilization. For primitive insects, the male deposits spermatozoa on the substrate, sometimes stored within a special structure, and courtship involves inducing the female to take up the sperm package into her genital opening; there is no actual copulation. In groups such as dragonflies and spiders, males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from their genital opening, which are then used to inseminate the female (in dragonflies, it is a set of modified sternites on the second abdominal segment; in spiders, it is the male pedipalps). In advanced groups of insects, the male uses its aedeagus, a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a "spermatophore") into the female's reproductive tract.

La oameni

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Vaginal sexual intercourse, also called coitus, is the human form of copulation. While a purpose and effect is reproduction, it is often performed exclusively for pleasure and/or as an expression of love and emotional intimacy. Sexual intercourse typically plays a powerful bonding role; in many societies it is normal for couples to have frequent intercourse while using birth control, sharing pleasure and strengthening their emotional bond through sex even though they are deliberately avoiding pregnancy.

Sexual intercourse may also be defined as referring to other forms of insertive sexual behavior, such as oral sex and anal intercourse. The phrase to have sex can mean any or all of these behaviors, as well as other non-penetrative sex acts not considered here.

Coitus may be preceded by foreplay, which leads to sexual arousal of the partners, resulting in the erection of the penis and natural lubrication of the vagina. To engage in coitus, the erect penis is inserted into the vagina and one or both of the partners move their hips to move the penis backward and forward inside the vagina to cause friction, typically without fully removing the penis. In this way, they stimulate themselves and each other, often continuing until orgasm in either or both partners is achieved. Penetration by the hardened erect penis is also known as intromission, or by the Latin name immissio penis (Latin for "insertion of the penis").

Coitus is the basic reproductive method of humans. During ejaculation, which usually accompanies male orgasm, a series of muscular contractions delivers semen containing male gametes known as sperm cells or spermatozoa from the penis into the vagina.

The subsequent route of the sperm from the vault of the vagina is through the cervix and into the uterus, and then into the fallopian tubes. Millions of sperm are present in each ejaculation, to increase the chances of one fertilizing an egg or ovum. When a fertile ovum from the female is present in the fallopian tubes, the male gamete joins with the ovum, resulting in fertilization and the formation of a new embryo. When a fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, it becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus, known as endometrium, and a pregnancy begins.

Unlike most species, human sexual activity is not linked to periods of estrus and can take place at any time during the reproductive cycle, even during pregnancy.[17]

Dificultăți

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Anorgasmia is regular difficulty reaching orgasm after ample sexual stimulation, causing personal distress. This is much more common in women than men. The physical structure of the act of coitus favors penile stimulation over clitoral stimulation. The location of the clitoris then often necessitates manual stimulation in order for the female to achieve orgasm. About 15 percent of women report difficulties with orgasm, and as many as 10 percent of women in the United States have never climaxed. Even women who orgasm regularly only climax about 50 percent to 70 percent of the time.[18]

Some males suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED), or impotence, at least occasionally. For those whose impotence is caused by medical conditions, prescription drugs such as Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra are available. However, doctors caution against the unnecessary use of these drugs because they are accompanied by serious risks such as increased chance of heart attack. Moreover, using a drug to counteract the symptom—impotence—can mask the underlying problem causing the impotence and does not resolve it. A serious medical condition might be aggravated if left untreated.

A more common sexual disorder in males is premature ejaculation (PE). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is examining the drug dapoxetine to treat premature ejaculation. In clinical trials, those with PE who took dapoxetine experienced intercourse three to four times longer before orgasm than without the drug. Another ejaculation-related disorder is delayed ejaculation, which can be caused as an unwanted side effect of antidepressant medications such as Fluvoxamine.[19][20]

The American Urological Association (AUA) estimates that premature ejaculation could affect 27 to 34 percent of men in the United States. The AUA also estimates that 10 to 12 percent of men in the United States are affected by erectile dysfunction. Vaginismus is involuntary tensing of the pelvic floor musculature, making coitus distressing, painful, and sometimes impossible.[21][22] Dyspareunia is a medical term signifying painful or uncomfortable intercourse, but does not specify the cause.[23][24]

Although disability-related pain and mobility impairment can hamper intercourse, in many cases the most significant impediments to intercourse for individuals with a disability are psychological.[25] In particular, people who have a disability can find intercourse daunting due to issues involving their self-concept as a sexual being,[26][27] or partner's discomfort or perceived discomfort.[25]

Temporary difficulties can arise with alcohol and sex as alcohol initially increases interest (through disinhibition) but decreases capacity with greater intake.

Alte funcții ale sexului(înafară de reproducere)

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Beneficii de sănătate

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Sex has been claimed to produce health benefits as varied as improved sense of smell,[28] weight loss, stress reduction, increased immunity, and decreased risk of prostate cancer.[29]

Sex between cohabiting partners lowers blood pressure and reduces stress, according to Stuart Brody, professor of psychology at the University of the West of Scotland. Brody's team monitored 24 women and 22 men who were exposed to stressful situations, such as speaking in public and doing verbal arithmetic, and kept records of their sexual activity. The men and women who had penile-vaginal intercourse responded more positively to stress "than those who engaged in other sexual behaviors or abstained".[29][30] A study by Keith Light of the University of North Carolina went as far as to find a link between "partner hug" and lower blood pressure in women.[29][31]

Frequent sexual intercourse was held to reduce the risk of the common cold by Carl Charnetski and Francis X. Brennan of Wilkes University in Wilkes-Barre, Pa. These scientists linked frequent sexual intercourse (once or twice a week) to increased production of the antibody called Immunoglobulin A or IgA, which can protect the body from getting colds and other infections. They took samples of saliva, which contain IgA, from 112 college students who reported the frequency of sex they had. The students in the "frequent" group had higher levels of IgA than those in the other three groups, consisting of people who were celibate, had sex less than once a week, or had it "very often" (three or more times weekly). The other three groups had comparable IgA levels.[29][32] Charnetski and Brennan had previously shown that exposure to elevator music has a similar effect on IgA levels.[33]

"Sex is a great mode of exercise," according to Patti Britton, PhD, past president of the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) and currently host of the website "Your Sex Coach". She notes that thirty minutes of sex burns 85 calories or more. She concludes that 42 half-hour sessions, or 21 hour-long sessions, will burn 3,570 calories - sufficient to lose one pound.[29]

"Boosting self-esteem" was one of 237 reasons people have sex, collected by University of Texas researchers and published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior. Some subjects who already had high self-esteem said they sometimes have sex to "feel even better".[29]

Sexual intimacy, as well as orgasms, increases levels of the hormone oxytocin, also known as "the love hormone" which helps people bond and build trust. Researchers from the University of Pittsburgh and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill evaluated 59 premenopausal women before and after warm contact with their husbands and partners ending with hugs. They found that the more contact, the higher the oxytocin levels. Oxytocin allows people to feel the urge to nurture and to bond. Generosity has also been credited and linked to a higher level of oxytocin. In addition, as the hormone oxytocin surges, endorphins increase, and pain declines. In a study published in the Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 48 volunteers who inhaled oxytocin vapor and then had their fingers pricked lowered their pain threshold by more than half. The oxytocin released during orgasm also promotes sleep.[29]

Men who have frequent ejaculations, especially men in their 20s, may reduce their risks of prostate cancer later in life. Australian researchers reported in the British Journal of Urology International that they followed men diagnosed with prostate cancer and those without. They found no association of prostate cancer with the number of sexual partners as the men reached their 30s, 40s, and 50s, but men who had five or more ejaculations weekly while in their 20s reduced their risk of getting prostate cancer later by a third. Another study, reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association, "found that frequent ejaculations, 21 or more a month, were linked to lower prostate cancer risk in older men, as well, compared with less frequent ejaculations of four to seven monthly".[29]

During sex, pelvic floor muscle exercises known as Kegels offer benefits for women. More sexual pleasure is expected to result, strengthening of the area, and help to minimize the risk of incontinence later in life.[29]

Comportamente sociale și alte comportamente

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Humans, bonobos,[34] chimpanzees and dolphins[11] are species known to engage in heterosexual behaviors even when the female is not in estrus, which is a point in her reproductive cycle suitable for successful impregnation. These species, and others, are also known to engage in homosexual behaviors.[12]

In both humans and bonobos, the female undergoes relatively concealed ovulation so that both male and female partners commonly do not know whether she is fertile at any given moment. One possible reason for this distinct biological feature may be formation of strong emotional bonds between sexual partners important for social interactions and, in the case of humans, long-term partnership rather than immediate sexual reproduction.[13]

Humans, bonobos and dolphins are all intelligent social animals, whose cooperative behavior proves far more successful than that of any individual alone. In these animals, the use of sex has evolved beyond reproduction apparently to serve additional social functions. Sex reinforces intimate social bonds between individuals to form larger social structures. The resulting cooperation encourages collective tasks that promote the survival of each member of the group.

Alex Comfort and others posit three potential advantages of intercourse in humans, which are not mutually exclusive: reproductive, relational, and recreational.[13][35] While the development of the Pill and other highly effective forms of contraception in the mid- and late 20th century increased people's ability to segregate these three functions, they still overlap a great deal and in complex patterns. For example: A fertile couple may have intercourse while contracepting not only to experience sexual pleasure (recreational), but also as a means of emotional intimacy (relational), thus deepening their bonding, making their relationship more stable and more capable of sustaining children in the future (deferred reproductive). This same couple may emphasize different aspects of intercourse on different occasions, being playful during one episode of intercourse (recreational), experiencing deep emotional connection on another occasion (relational), and later, after discontinuing contraception, seeking to achieve pregnancy (reproductive, or more likely reproductive and relational).

Riscuri de sănătate

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În contrast cu beneficiile sale, comportamentul sexual poate fi un vector pentru transmiterea unor boli. Sexul sigur este o formă relevantă de a reduce acest risc.[36]

Eticele și legalitatea sexualității

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{{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}
 
Erotic painting from India, 18th century

Unlike some other sexual activities, vaginal intercourse has rarely been made taboo on religious grounds or by government authorities, as procreation is inherently essential to the continuation to the species or of any particular genetic line, which is considered to be a positive factor, and indeed, enables most societies to continue in the first place. Many of the cultures that had prohibited sexual intercourse entirely no longer exist; an exception is the Shakers, a group that reached a size of about 6,000 full members in 1840, but as of 2006 had only four members left.[37] There are, however, many communities within cultures that prohibit their members to engage in any form of sex, especially members of religious orders and the priesthood in the Roman Catholic Church and Mahayana Buddhist monks. Within some ideologies, coitus has been considered the only "acceptable" sexual activity. Relatively strict designations of "appropriate" and "inappropriate" sexual intercourse have been in human culture for hundreds of years. These legal or cultural restrictions may include:

Often a community adapts its legal definitions during case laws for settling disputes. For example, in 2003 the New Hampshire Supreme Court ruled that same-sex relations do not constitute sexual intercourse, based on a 1961 definition from Webster's Third New International Dictionary, in Blanchflower v. Blanchflower, and thereby an accused spouse in a divorce case was found not guilty of adultery based on this technicality.

Most countries have age of consent laws specifying the minimum legal age for engaging in sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse with a person against their will, or without their informed legal consent, is referred to as rape, and is considered a serious crime in many cultures around the world, including those found in Europe, northern and eastern Asia, and the Americas. Sex, regardless of consent, with a person under the age of consent is often considered to be sexual assault or statutory rape. The age of consent varies from country to country and often by state or region; commonly, the age of consent is set anywhere between twelve and eighteen years of age, with sixteen years being the most common age the law sets. Sometimes, the age of consent is lowered for people near the same age wishing to participate in intercourse. For example, in Canada, the minimum age of consent for all couples is 16. However, the age of consent can go below 16 on the condition that the couple still are not 2 years of age apart. Religions may also set differing ages for consent, with Islam setting the age at puberty, which can vary from around 10 to 14. There are exceptions in the case of anal sex or people in a position of trust/authority.

Religious and philosophical views

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Articol principal: Religion and sexuality.

Modern humans, who date from approximately 400,000 years ago, have always reproduced by sexual intercourse. Modern religions and philosophies, on the other hand, are all less than 10,000 years old, and it is impossible to determine if there were earlier religious or philosophical views on sexual intercourse. Some religious traditions, such as fundamentalist Christianity, hold that the first humans came into being by an act of God and not through human sexual intercourse. That is, after each pair of animals or humans were created, they began reproducing through sexual intercourse. Others, such as Mormonism, hold that there is a Heavenly Father and Mother whose actions resulted in earthly children.

Religious and philosophical viewpoints on sexual intercourse are varied. Some hold that person should engage in whatever sexual act they desire so long as it does not involve children, animals, or those who cannot or will not willingly consent to participate. Others hold that sexual intercourse is acceptable with an unwilling spouse (also known as "conjugal rites").

Abrahamic religions support committed heterosexual relationships within marriage, though the particulars are varied and have changed over time.

Ancient Judaism and early Christianity, allowed sexual relations between one male and more than one female (polygamy), and Islam still does. The Bible required that a brother have sexual intercourse with his brother's widowed, childless spouse so as to provide her children and forbade coitus interruptus in such cases. Modern Judaism views sex and reproduction as the holiest of human acts, the act through which one can imitate God, the Creator.

Islam views sex within marriage as something pleasurable, even a spiritual activity and a duty. Some Moslems hold that male martyrs for the Islamic faith will receive multiple virgin females as a reward in the afterlife.

Christianity views sex in marriage as holy. It affirms that everything God created, including sex, is good. As there is no single central source of truth and doctrine in the largest Abrahamic traditions, there is wide variation of opinion and teaching about sexual intercourse within each, with some religious communities limiting sexual activity strictly to intercourse and others making practically no pronouncements on sex at all.

Hinduism has varied views about sexuality, but Hindu society, in general, perceives both pre-marital and extramarital sex to be immoral and shameful, notwithstanding popular culture. The Karma Sutra is a well-known product of Hindu society that extols the benefits of sexual intercourse.

Buddhist ethics, in its most common formulation, holds that one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. Some Asian societies shaped by Buddhist traditions take a strong ethical stand on sexual behavior. In the Bahá'í faith, sexual relationships are permitted only between a husband and wife.

Unitarian Universalists, with an emphasis on strong interpersonal ethics, do not place boundaries on the occurrence of sexual intercourse among consenting adults other than the vows that individuals may have taken voluntarily.

Neopagan religions tend to be positive about sexuality among consenting adults.

Catholicism In his Theology of the Body, John Paul II, who first worked on his ideas as a Polish philosopher in Love and Responsibility, taught that marital sexual intercourse is the best image of God who is love, for he sees the human body as the only one capable of making the invisible — the spiritual and the divine — visible.[38] He said that human beings were created by God who is love for a purpose: to be loving persons who freely choose to love, to give themselves as persons who express their self-giving through their bodies. Thus, sexual intercourse between husband and wife is a symbol of their total mutual self-donation, and further fosters, strengthens and enriches it not just for the present but also for the future. For John Paul II, "The body, and it alone, is capable of making visible what is invisible: the spiritual and divine." He says there is no other more perfect image of the unity and communion of God in mutual love than the sexual act of a married couple, whereby they give themselves in a total way — exclusively to one another, and up to end of their lives, and in a fruitfully generous way by participating in the creation of new human beings. Through this perspective, he understands the immorality of extra marital sex. It falsifies the language of the human body, a language of total love worthy of persons by using the body for selfish ends, thus treating embodied persons as things and objects, rather than dealing with human bodies with the reverence and love that persons, incarnate spirits and images of God deserve. John Paul II stresses that there is great beauty in sexual love when done in harmony with the human values of freely chosen total commitment and self-giving. For him, this sexual love is a form of worship, an experience of the sacred.[39][40]

Catholicism forbids its members from engaging in forms of sexual expression such as masturbation and oral sex, and the use of contraception is forbidden. Though the official Catholic teaching on sexual intercourse is consistent with the statements of John Paul II, thousands of cases of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic priests were brought to light during his papacy.

Objectivism, the philosophy espoused by Ayn Rand, like other similar movements including libertarianism holds that people should pursue the lifestyle that makes them happiest so long as others are not hurt.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sexual intercourse Britannica.
  2. ^ a b c „Sexual Intercourse”. health.discovery.com. Accesat în . 
  3. ^ Kate Havelin (). Dating: "What Is a Healthy Relationship?". Capstone Press. p. 64. ISBN 0736802924.  Legătură externa în |title= (ajutor)
  4. ^ Isadora Alman (). Doing It: Real People Having Really Good Sex. Conari. p. 280. ISBN 1573245208.  Legătură externa în |title= (ajutor)
  5. ^ Ann van Sevenant (). Sexual Outercourse: A Philosophy of Lovemaking. Peeters. p. 249. ISBN 9042916176.  Legătură externa în |title= (ajutor)
  6. ^ Ian Kerner (). She Comes First: The Thinking Man's Guide to Pleasuring a Woman. HarperCollins. p. 240. ISBN 1573245208.  Legătură externa în |title= (ajutor)
  7. ^ Klein, Marty. „The Meaning of Sex”. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, Volume 1 August 10, 1998:. Accesat în . 
  8. ^ "Females of almost all species except man will mate only during their fertile period, which is known as estrus, or heat..." Helena Curtis (). Biology. Worth Publishers. p. 1065. ISBN 0879010401. 
  9. ^ Pineda, Leslie Ernest McDonald (). McDonald's Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction. Blackwell Publishing. p. 597. ISBN 0813811066.  Legătură externa în |title= (ajutor)
  10. ^ Frans de Waal, "Bonobo Sex and Society", Scientific American (March 1995): 82-86.
  11. ^ a b Dinitia Smith, "Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate", San Francisco Chronicle (February 7, 2004). Article is mainly about gay penguins but also mentions homosexuality in dolphins, and also says 'In bonobos, she noted: "you see expressions of sex outside the period when females are fertile."' Available online at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/07/MNG3N4RAV41.DTL.
  12. ^ a b Bruce Bagemihl, Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity (St. Martin's Press, 1999). ISBN 0-312-19239-8
  13. ^ a b c Jared Diamond (). The rise and fall of the third chimpanzee. Vintage. ISBN 978-0099913801. 
  14. ^ John, Gartner (). „Animals Just Want to Have Fun”. Wired. Accesat în . 
  15. ^ Karol Woytyla, Love and Responsibility, San Francisco, Ignatius Press 1993
  16. ^ Theology of Marriage and Celibacy, Boston, St. Paul Books and Media 1986
  17. ^ Diamond, Jared (). Why is Sex Fun?. 
  18. ^ Mayo Clinic; Womans Health [1]
  19. ^ Riley, A.; Segraves, RT (). „Treatment of Premature Ejaculation”. Int J. Clin Pract. Blackwell Publishing. 60 (6): 694–697. doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00818.x. PMID 16805755. Accesat în .  Mai multe valori specificate pentru |last1= și |last= (ajutor); Mai multe valori specificate pentru |first1= și |first= (ajutor)
  20. ^ Hengeveld VW, Waldinger MD; et al. (). „Effect of SSRI antidepressants on ejaculation: a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study with fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline”. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 18: 274–281. doi:10.1097/00004714-199808000-00004. 
  21. ^ Reissing ED, Binik YM, Khalifé S, Cohen D, Amsel R. ( 2003) Etiological correlates of vaginismus: sexual and physical abuse, sexual knowledge, sexual self-schema, and relationship adjustment. J Sex Marital Ther.29:47-59.
  22. ^ Ward E, Ogden J. (1994) Experiencing Vaginismus: sufferers beliefs about causes and effects. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 9 (1): 33–45.
  23. ^ Binik YM (). „Should dyspareunia be retained as a sexual dysfunction in DSM-V? A painful classification decision”. Arch Sex Behav. 34 (1): 11–21. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-0998-4. PMID 15772767. 
  24. ^ Peckham BM, Maki DG, Patterson JJ, Hafez GR (). „Focal vulvitis: a characteristic syndrome and cause of dyspareunia. Features, natural history, and management”. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 154 (4): 855–64. PMID 3963075. 
  25. ^ a b Williamson, Gail M. (). „Perceived Impact of Limb Amputation on Sexual Activity: A Study of Adult Amputees”. The Journal of Sex Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (Taylor & Francis Group). 33 (3): 221–230. doi:10.2307/3813582 (inactiv ). ISSN 0022-4499. OCLC 39109327. 
  26. ^ Majiet, Shanaaz (). „Disabled Women and Sexuality”. Agenda. Agenda Feminist Media (19): 43–44. doi:10.2307/4065995. 
  27. ^ Dewolfe, Deborah J. (). „Sexual Therapy for a Woman with Cerebral Palsy: A Case Analysis”. The Journal of Sex Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (Taylor & Francis Group). 18 (3): 253–263. doi:10.2307/3812217 (inactiv ). ISSN 0022-4499. OCLC 39109327. 
  28. ^ Farnham, A. (2003) "Is Sex Necessary?" Forbes
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i Doheny, K. (2008) "10 Surprising Health Benefits of Sex," WebMD (reviewed by Chang, L., M.D.)
  30. ^ Brody, S. Biological Psychology, February 2006; vol 71: pp 214-222. Brody, S. Biological Psychology, March 2000; vol 52: pp 251-257.
  31. ^ Light, K.C. et al., "More frequent partner hugs and higher oxytocin levels are linked to lower blood pressure and heart rate in premenopausal women." Biological Psychology, April 2005; vol 69: pp 5-21.
  32. ^ Charnetski CJ, Brennan FX. Sexual frequency and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA). Psychological Reports 2004 Jun;94(3 Pt 1):839-44. Data on length of relationship and sexual satisfaction were not related to the group differences.
  33. ^ Charnetski CJ, Brennan FX Jr, Harrison JF. "Effect of music and auditory stimuli on secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA)." Perception and Motor Skills 1998 Dec;87(3 Pt 2):1163-70.
  34. ^ Frans de Waal, "Bonobo Sex and Society", Scientific American (March 1995): 82-86.
  35. ^ The Joy of Sex: A Gourmet Guide to Lovemaking (1972)
  36. ^ „STI Epi Update: Oral Contraceptive and Condom Use”. Public Health Agency of Canada. . Accesat în . 
  37. ^ Chase, Stacey (). „The Last Ones Standing”. The Boston Globe. 
  38. ^ Karol Woytyla, Love and Responsibility, San Francisco, Ignatius Press 1993
  39. ^ Theology of Marriage and Celibacy, Boston, St. Paul Books and Media 1986
  40. ^ Christopher West. „What is the Theology of the Body & Why is it Changing so Many Lives?”. Catholic Education Resource Center. Accesat în . 
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{{sex|state=expand}} {{Reproductive physiology}} [[Categorie:Reproduction]] [[Categorie:Human sexuality]] [[Categorie:Fertility]] [[Categorie:Interpersonal relationships]] [[Categorie:Sexology]] [[Categorie:Sexual acts]]

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